:root {
    /* Brand colors */
    --Pearson-Blue: #007FA3;
    --Ink-Black: #000000;
    --Chalk-White: #FFFFFF;
    /* Primary colors */
    --Midnight-Blue: #003057;
    --Lime-Green: #D2DB0E;
    --Ice-Blue: #D4EAE4;
    --Graphite-Grey: #505759;
    /* Supporting colors */
    --Ink-Blue: #005A70;
    --Grass-Green: #017630;
    /*  Accent colors */
    --Sunshine-Yellow: #FFB81C;
    --Juicy-Orange: #EA7600;
    --Strawberry-Red: #DB0020;
    --Marine-Turquoise: #12B2A6;
    --Royal-Purple: #9E007E;
    --Hot-Pink: #EA067E;
    --Fresh-Green: #84BD00;
    /* WRAPS */
    --Yellow-Highlight: #ffffcf;
    --Roman-Coffee: #7D6757;
    --Links-List: #f7f7f7;
    --Links-List-Hover: #dae0e5;
    --Links-List-Group: #e9e9e9;
}

body {
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    font-family: "Open Sans", verdana, sans-serif;
    font-size: 1em;
    line-height: 1.5;
    text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;
    color: #333;
    min-height: 100vh;
    flex-direction: column;
    display: flex;
}

a,
a:link,
a:visited {
    color: #003CBD;
}

a:hover,
a:active {
    color: var(--Midnight-Blue);
}

main {
    flex-grow: 1;
    outline: 0;
}

#stage {
    position: relative;
    max-width: 800px;
    width: 100%;
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: .5em 1em;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}

.content-wrapper {
    display: flex;
    align-items: flex-start;
    position: relative;
}

.cover {
    width: 250px;
    height: auto;
    border: 1px solid #eee;
    transition: all 0.5s ease;
}

.skip-link {
    clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
    position: absolute !important;
    height: 1px;
    width: 1px;
    overflow: hidden;
    word-wrap: normal !important; /* Many screen reader and browser combinations announce broken words as they would appear visually. */
}

/* Display the skip-link on focus. */
.skip-link:focus {
    display: block;
    background-color: #fff;
    border-radius: 3px;
    box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
    clip: auto !important;
    color: #888;
    font-weight: bold;
    height: auto;
    left: 5px;
    line-height: normal;
    padding: 15px 23px 14px;
    text-decoration: none;
    top: 5px;
    width: auto;
    z-index: 100000;
}

h2, h3, h4 {
    font-weight: 600;
}


/*
#######################################################################
##  HEADERS
#######################################################################
*/

h1,
.home-hdr {
    color: var(--Roman-Coffee);
    font-weight: normal;
    margin: .5em 0;
}

h1 {
    font-family: "Playfair Display", "Georgia", "Times New Roman", serif;
    font-size: 3em;
}
p {
    line-height: 30px;
}


.fixed-header {
    position: fixed;
    left: 0;
    z-index: 10;
    background: white;
    width: 100%;
    padding: 0;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}

.fixed-header .wrapper {
    padding: 0 1em;
}


/*
#######################################################################
##  Site Banner
#######################################################################
*/

.banner {
    position: relative;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    height: 8.75em; /* 140px */
    background: #f1f1f1;
}

.pearson.banner {
    height: auto !important;
}

.banner-wrapper {
    position: relative;
    height: calc(100% - 2em);
    max-width: 1200px;
    padding: 1em;
    margin: 0 auto;
    display: -ms-flexbox;
    display: flex;
    -ms-flex-align: center;
    align-items: center;
    -ms-flex-pack: justify;
    justify-content: space-between;
}

.banner-wrapper::after {
    content: '';
    width: 145px;
    -ms-flex: 0 2 auto;
    flex: 0 2 auto;
    display: block; /* for ie11 */
}

.banner-logo,
.banner-logo-solo {
    margin: 0;
    height: 43px;
    width: 145px;
    min-width: 60px;
    background-size: contain;
    flex: 0 2 auto;
}

.banner-title {
    margin: 0 2em;
    max-width: 600px;
    height: 100%;
    flex: 0 1 auto;
    text-align: center;
}

.banner-title p {
    font-size: 1em;
    line-height: 1;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
}

#banner-title-ed {
    font-size: 1.5em;
    line-height: 1.2;
}

#banner-author {
    padding-top: .5em;
}

.stripe-wrapper {
    max-width: 1200px;
    position: relative;
    margin: 0 auto;
}

.pearson.banner div.stripe {
    position: static;
    background: var(--Pearson-Blue);
    color: #fff;
    line-height: 2em;
    text-align: center;
}


.banner .stripe-left {
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: 1em;
}

.banner .stripe-right {
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    right: 1em;
}

.banner .stripe div a,
.banner .stripe div a:link,
.banner .stripe div a:visited {
    font-family: "Open Sans", verdana, sans-serif;
    font-size: .8em;
    text-transform: none;
    color: inherit;
    text-decoration: none;
}

.banner .stripe div a:hover {
    opacity: .7;
    text-decoration: none;
    cursor: pointer;
}

div.stripe .wraps.site-type {
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: .1em;
}

.help-content {
    padding: 0 2em 1em;
}

.help-content .book-info {
    padding-left: 1em;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 640px) {
    .banner-wrapper {
        display: block;
        font-size: .875em;
    }

    .banner-title .book-title-author {
        display: none;
    }

    .cover {
        width: 180px;
        margin: 0 auto;
        transform: scale(.95);
    }

    .content-wrapper {
        flex-wrap: wrap;
    }

    .home-nav, .content-wrapper .links-list {
        flex: 0 100%;
        margin: 0;
    }

    h1 {
        margin: .25em 0;
    }
}

@media screen and (max-width: 480px) {
    .content-wrapper .cover {
        transform: scale(.825);
    }
}




/*
#######################################################################
##  FOOTER
#######################################################################
*/

.linkwell {
    display: block;
    padding: 1.5em 1em 3.25em 1em;
    margin-top: 3em;
    color: #999;
    background-color: #313131;
    font-size: .825em;
}

.linkwell-cols {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
}

.linkwell-column {
    padding-left: 3em;
}

.linkwell .heading {
    margin-bottom: .25em;
}

.linkwell li {
    margin-bottom: .25em;
}

.linkwell a:link,
.linkwell a:visited {
    text-decoration: none;
    color: #ddd !important;
}

.linkwell a:hover,
.linkwell a:active,
.linkwell a:focus {
    text-decoration: underline;
}

.linkwell div.legal {
    display: block;
    border-top: 1px solid #676767;
    margin: 1.75em auto 0 auto;
    text-align: center;
    padding-top: .5em;
}

.linkwell UL {
    list-style: none;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
}

.linkwell .legal li {
    display: inline;
}

.linkwell .legal li + li::before {
    content: '| ';
}

.copyright {
    margin: 0 0 0.25em;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 560px) {
    .linkwell-cols {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    }

    .linkwell .legal li + li::before {
        content: '';
    }

    .linkwell .legal li {
        display: block;
    }

    .linkwell div.legal {
        padding-left: 3em;
        text-align: left;
    }
}



/*
#######################################################################
##  General, functional
#######################################################################
*/

.wrapper {
    max-width: 800px;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0 auto;
}

button:focus:not(:focus-visible) {
    outline: 0;
}

.inline-block {
    display: inline-block;
}

section,
.vspace-1 {
    margin: 1em 0;
}

.vspace-2 {
    margin: 2em 0;
}

.section-intro {
    margin-left: .5em;
}

.block-indent {
    margin-left: 2em;
}

.center {
    text-align: center;
}

.clearfix::after {
    content: ".";
    display: block;
    visibility: hidden;
    height: 0;
    clear: both;
}

.screen-reader {
    position: absolute;
    width: 1px;
    height: 1px;
    padding: 0;
    margin: -1px;
    overflow: hidden;
    clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
    border: 0;
}

.hidden {
    display: none !important;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 640px) {
    .hide-small-accessible {
        position: absolute !important;
        height: 1px;
        width: 1px;
        overflow: hidden;
        clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
    }
}

details summary {
    cursor: pointer;
}

details summary > * {
    display: inline;
}

.expandable {
    max-height: 0;
    overflow: hidden;
    height: 0;
    opacity: 0;
    visibility: hidden;
    transition: visibility 0s ease, max-height 1s ease, opacity .25s ease;
}

.expandable.expanded {
    max-height: 600px;
    overflow: auto;
    height: auto;
    opacity: 1;
    visibility: visible;
    /* this animation property is just here to hide the scrollbars during the transition */
    animation: hide-scroll 2s backwards;
}

.kbd-instrux.expanded {
    margin-bottom: 1em;
}

@keyframes hide-scroll {
    from, to {
        overflow: hidden;
    }
}

.expandable h4 {
    margin: 0;
}

.smooth {
    transition: all 100ms ease;
}

.kbd-instrux {
    font-size: .875em;
}

kbd {
    background: var(--Graphite-Grey);
    padding: 1px 5px;
    color: var(--Chalk-White);
}


/* Loader css animation */
.loader {
    position: absolute;
    z-index: 50;
    left: 50%;
    margin-left: -80px;
    top: 50%;
    margin-top: -240px;
    border: 16px solid #f3f3f3;
    border-top: 16px solid var(--Pearson-Blue);
    border-radius: 50%;
    width: 120px;
    height: 120px;
    animation: spin 2s linear infinite;
}

@keyframes spin {
    0% {
        transform: rotate(0deg);
    }
    100% {
        transform: rotate(360deg);
    }
}